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Item LES PERES BLANCS 1868 – 1892 DEPUIS L’ORIGINE DE LA SOCIETE JUSQU’A LA MORT DU FONDATEUR(Fides Caritas Spes, 1901) Duchêne, Le Père Lucien; Rutazibwa, Privat; Minnaert, Le Père, StefaanLe Père Lucien Duchêne (1857-1934) est le premier Père Blanc (Missionnaire d’Afrique) qui a écrit une histoire de sa Société missionnaire. Son œuvre fut publiée en trois tomes au début du 20e siècle, entre 1901 et 1903. Elle couvre la période de 1868 jusqu’à la mort de Mgr Lavigerie, fondateur des Pères Blancs, en 1892. Dans son œuvre, le P. Duchêne fait souvent référence aux documents qu’il avait consulté dans les archives. Il était habité par le souci de raconter la vérité. Il évite aussi les interprétations qui pourraient influencer le lecteur. Plus tard des historiens parmi les Pères Blancs écriront leurs « histoires » plutôt au service de l’image de leur société. Ils embelliront la réalité pour encourager des jeunes à devenir missionnaires et aussi pour susciter la générosité de leurs bienfaiteurs. Certains penseront même à une éventuelle canonisation de leur fondateur, le cardinal Lavigerie.Item Entwicklung Oder Profit? Die Staatliche Und Private Presse In Ghana(2012-02-01) Kuehnhenrich, DanielGhana gilt als ein demokratisches Musterland des afrikanischen Kontinents. Betrachtet man die Pressefreiheit liegt das westafrikanische Entwicklungsland noch vor Ländern wie Spanien und Frankreich. Das ghanaische Pressewesen ist durch ein Nebeneinander von staatlicher und privater Presse gekennzeichnet. Im subsaharischen Afrika orientieren sich die Medien am Entwicklungsjournalismus und am westlichen Journalismusverständnis. Daniel Kuehnhenrich untersucht mit verschiedenen Methoden die Ausprägung dieser Konzepte in den ghanaischen Zeitungen. Seine umfassende Analyse beruht auf der ersten Journalistenbefragung in Westafrika, teilnehmenden Beobachtungen in zwei großen Zeitungsredaktionen, qualitativen Interviews mit deren Chefredakteuren und einer quantitativen Inhaltsanalyse von über 1100 Zeitungsartikeln. Die detaillierte und umfangreiche Literaturanalyse ordnet die empirischen Ergebnisse in die subsaharische Presselandschaft ein. Die Studie leistet damit einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Presse in Ghana und stellt eine erste Anlaufstelle für jeden dar, der sich mit den ghanaischen oder afrikanischen Medien beschäftigt.Item The Ik language: Dictionary and Grammar Sketch(2017-03-01) Schrock, TerrillThis book is a dictionary and grammar sketch of Icétôd (Ik), one of the three Kuliak languages spoken in northeastern Uganda, in the Karamoja region. It is the lexical sequel to A grammar of Ik (Icé-tód): Northeast Uganda’s last thriving Kuliak language (Schrock 2014). This volume includes an Icétôd-English dictionary with roughly 8,700 entries, followed by a reversed English-Icétôd index. This is then supplemented with a sketch of Icétôd grammar that is nearly comprehensive in its coverage of topics and is written in a simple style, using standard linguistic terminology, but in a way that is accessible to non-linguists. As a whole, this book may be useful for language and curriculum development for the Ik people, as a reference for non-Ik language-learners, and as a source of data not only for the comparative study of Kuliak but also the Afroasiatic and Nilo-Saharan language families.Item A Dictionary And Grammatical Outline Of Chakali(2017-03-01) Brindle, JonathanThis book is the first comprehensive monograph dedicated to Chakali, a Southwestern Grusi language spoken by less than 3500 people in northwest Ghana. The dictionary offers a consistent description of word meaning and provides the basis for future research in the linguistic area. It is also designed to provide an inventory of correspondence with English usage in a reversal index. The concepts used in the dictionary are explained in a grammar outline, which is of interest to specialists in Gur and Grusi linguistics, as well as any language researchers working in this part of the world.Item Tonal Placement In Tashlhiyt: How An Intonation System Accommodates To Adverse Phonological Environments(2017-06-20) Roettger, TimoIn most languages, words contain vowels, elements of high intensity with rich harmonic structure, enabling the perceptual retrieval of pitch. By contrast, in Tashlhiyt, a Berber language, words can be composed entirely of voiceless segments. When an utterance consists of such words, the phonetic opportunity for the execution of intonational pitch movements is exceptionally limited. This book explores in a series of production and perception experiments how these typologically rare phonotactic patterns interact with intonational aspects of linguistic structure. It turns out that Tashlhiyt allows for a tremendously flexible placement of tonal events. Observed intonational structures can be conceived of as different solutions to a functional dilemma: The requirement to realise meaningful pitch movements in certain positions and the extent to which segments lend themselves to a clear manifestation of these pitch movements.Item A Grammar of Moloko(2017-07-09) Friesen, DianneThis grammar provides the first comprehensive grammatical description of Moloko, a Chadic language spoken by about 10,000 speakers in northern Cameroon. The grammar was developed from hours and years that the authors spent at friends’ houses hearing and recording stories, hours spent listening to the tapes and transcribing the stories, then translating them and studying the language through them. Time was spent together and with others speaking the language and talking about it, translating resources and talking to Moloko people about them. Grammar and phonology discoveries were made in the office, in the fields while working, and at gatherings. In the process, the four authors have become more and more passionate about the Moloko language and are eager to share their knowledge about it with others. Intriguing phonological aspects of Moloko include the fact that words have a consonantal skeleton and only one underlying vowel (but with ten phonetic variants). The simplicity of the vowel system contrasts with the complexity of the verb word, which can include information (in addition to the verbal idea) about subject, direct object (semantic Theme), indirect object (recipient or beneficiary), direction, location, aspect (Imperfective and Perfective), mood (indicative, irrealis, iterative), and Perfect aspect. Some of the fascinating aspects about the grammar of Moloko include transitivity issues, question formation, presupposition, and the absence of simple adjectives as a grammatical class. Most verbs are not inherently transitive or intransitive, but rather the semantics is tied to the number and type of core grammatical relations in a clause. Morphologically, two types of verb pronominals indicate two kinds of direct object; both are found in ditransitive clauses. Noun incorporation of special ‘body-part’ nouns in some verbs adds another grammatical argument and changes the lexical characteristics of the verb. Clauses of zero transitivity can occur in main clauses due to the use of dependent verb forms and ideophones. Question formation is interesting in that the interrogative pronoun is clause-final for most constructions. The clause will sometimes be reconfigured so that the interrogative pronoun can be clause-final. Expectation is a foundational pillar for Moloko grammar. Three types of irrealis mood relate to speaker’s expectation concerning the accomplishment of an event. Clauses are organised around the concept of presupposition, through the use of the na-construction. Known or expected elements are marked with the na particle. There are no simple adjectives in Moloko; all adjectives are derived from nouns. The authors invite others to further explore the intricacies of the phonology and grammar of this intriguing language.Item Object Suffixes as Incorporated Pronouns in Seereer(2018-05-23) Baier, NicoIn Seereer (Atlantic, Senegal), singular pronominal objects are obligatorily marked by an object suffix on the verb. This paper provides the first comprehensive description of this object suffixation pattern, a topic that has been only cursorily described in the extant literature on Seereer (cf. Renaudier 2012). In addition, I provide a preliminary theoretical account of the Seereer object suffix system. I argue that Seereer object suffixes are best analyzed as incorporated pronouns. Evidence for such an analysis comes from the following: (i) an object suffix may never occur with an in situ object DP; (ii) an object suffix may not double an extracted object in relative clauses, wh-questions, or focus constructions; (iii) there is only one object suffix allowed per clause; and (iv) an object suffix may reference either object in a double object construction. I argue that object suffixes raise to Spec-vP and are subsequently incorporated in the verb via m-merger (Matushansky 2006, Kramer 2014, Harizanov 2014). This analysis elegantly derives the behaviors listed above. Such an approach also allows us to integrate the Seereer object suffixation data into the broader understanding of cliticization patterns crosslinguistically, thereby enriching our understanding of object marking systems in verbs.Item Linguistic Complexity: A Case Study From Swahili(2018-05-23) Jerro, KyleThis paper addresses the question of linguistic complexity in Swahili, a Bantu language spoken in East and Central Africa. Literature on linguistic complexity in other languages has argued that high levels of second-language learning affect linguistic complexity over time. Swahili serves as an ideal case study for this question because it has been used as a lingua franca for several centuries. I compare the phonological and morphological systems in Swahili to five other related Bantu languages, as well as compare all six languages to the original Proto-Bantu systems. The results of the study show that there is no decrease in phonological or morphological complexity in (standard) Swahili when compared to other closely related Bantu languages, though the grammar has strongly diverged from the other related languages.Item Structural Transfer In Third Language Acquisition: The Case Of Lingala-French Speakers Acquiring English(2018-05-23) Mwamba Kabasele, PhilothéThis paper tests the claims of Cumulative Enhancement Model, the ‘l2 status factor’, and the Typological Primacy Model in investigating how l1 Lingala, l2 French speakers express in English an event which took place and was completed in the past. The linguistic phenomena understudy informs us that English uses the simple past in a past-completed event while French and Lingala use the ‘passé composé’ and the remote or recent past, respectively. The study circumscribes the tense similarities and differences between the three languages. The paper strives to answer the questions on which previously acquired language between the l1, l2, or both l1 & l2 overrides in l3 syntactic transfer. The paper aims to determine whether the l2 is the privileged source of syntactic transfer even when the l1 offers syntactic similarities with the l3. Finally, the study purports to determine whether subjects are more accurate when communicating in explicit mode than in implicit mode. That is, the study further aims to investigate whether subjects make less transfer errors in a task that promotes reliance on explicit knowledge than they do in task that promotes reliance on implicit knowledge. The findings of the study show that subjects used the simple past tense in the context of a past-completed event. The use of the simple past tense in the context of a past-completed event might be attributed to transfer from the l1 or might be considered as a consequence of positive learning. The results further show that subjects have transferred more explicit knowledge than implicit. And the results have ruled out the l2-status factor claim that the l2 is the privileged source of transfer in l3 acquisition.Item Towards A Unified Theory Of Morphological Productivity In The Bantu Languages: A Corpus Analysis Of Nominalization Patterns In Swahili(2018-05-23) Kloehn, NickModels arguing for a connection between morphological productivity and relative morpheme frequency have focused on languages with relatively low average morpheme to word ratios. Typologically synthetic languages like Swahili which have relatively high average morpheme to word ratios present a challenge for such models. This study investigates the process of agentive nominalization from the perspective of the Dual Route Model. The findings suggest that all agentive nominal forms should decompose when accessed and thus that speakers of Swahili should include these morphemes in their lexical inventory apart from root morphemes. This process appears to not be influence by noun classification, or verbal derivation.Item Consonant Substitution In Child Language (Ikwere)(2018-05-23) Alerechi , RoselineThe Ikwere language is spoken in four out of the twenty-three Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Rivers State of Nigeria, namely, Port Harcourt, Obio/Akpor, Emohua and Ikwerre LGAs. Like Kana, Kalabari and Ekpeye, it is one of the major languages of Rivers State of Nigeria used in broadcasting in the electronic media. The Ikwere language is classified as an Igboid language of the West Benue-Congo family of the Niger-Congo phylum of languages (Williamson 1988: 67, 71, Williamson & Blench 2000: 31). This paper treats consonant substitution in the speech of the Ikwere child. It demonstrates that children use of a language can contribute to the divergent nature of that language as they always strive for simplification of the target language. Using simple descriptive method of data analysis, the paper identifies the various substitutions of consonant sounds, which characterize the Ikwere children’s utterances. It stresses that the substitutions are regular and rule governed and hence implies the operation of some phonological processes. Some of the processes are strengthening and weakening of consonants, loss of suction of labial implosives causing them to become labial plosives, devoicing of voiced consonants, etc. While some of these processes are identical with the adult language, others are peculiar to children, demonstrating the relationships between the phonological processes in both forms of speech. It is worthy of note that highlighting the relationships and differences will make for effective communication between children and adults.Item How Multilingual Policies Can Fail: Language Politics Among Ethiopian Political Parties(2018-05-23) Worku, Mehari ZemelakBecause language has instrumental as well as symbolic values, the issue of language will always have a political aspect (Smith 2008). Often, the choice of language and its use is construed as one of the central traits to people’s definition of themselves. Besides, any given state must decide or determine the language that it deems appropriate to carry out its development and to generate, disseminate and enrich the knowledge necessary for such development. However, the case grows problematic when it comes to Sub-Saharan Africa where “every language carries a distinct and weighty baggage” of identity (Obeng & Purvis 1999). The decision was not easy for different regimes in Ethiopia, home of more than 80 ethnic groups (CSA 2008). The three consecutive regimes which have ruled the country for the last 75 years followed different paths in addressing this diversity management question. The reframing of the country under ethnic federalism, which legislates Amharic as the working language of the federal government (hereafter WL) and guarantees the right of each ethnic state to decide its own WL, is the recent attempt to respond to the same politics of recognition. However, dissatisfied voices regarding the current language policy (hereafter LP) can still be heard among political groups. Some see it as ‘not enough’ while others see it as Balkanization. Despite a few research efforts and publications on the LPs of the consecutive governments of Ethiopia, there has been no research done on the alternative policies and options available among the political parties or their relative value as LPs. Thus, the grand objective of this study is to survey, analyze and evaluate the linguistic proposals of Ethiopian political parties in government, education, and endangered languages.Item The Numeral System of Proto-Niger-Congo(2018-07-13) Pozdniakov, KonstantinThis book proposes the reconstruction of the Proto-Niger-Congo numeral system. The emphasis is placed on providing an exhaustive account of the distribution of forms by families, groups, and branches. The big data bases used for this purpose open prospects for both working with the distribution of words that do exist and with the distribution of gaps in postulated cognates. The distribution of filled cells and gaps is a useful tool for reconstruction. The first chapter of this book is devoted to the study of various uses of noun class markers in numeral terms. The second chapter deals with the alignment by analogy in numeral systems. Chapter 3 offers a step-by-step reconstruction of number systems of the proto-languages underlying each of the twelve major NC families, on the basis of the step-by-step-reconstruction of numerals within each family. Chapter 4 deals with the reconstruction of the Proto-Niger-Congo numeral system on the basis of the step-by-step-reconstructions offered in Chapter 3. Chapter 5 traces the history of the numerals of Proto-Niger-Congo, reconstructed in Chapter 4, in each individual family of languages.Item East Benue-Congo: Nouns, Pronouns, And Verbs(2018-07-18) Watters, JohnThis volume is the first in what hopefully will be a growing set of edited volumes and monographs concerning Niger-Congo comparative studies. This first volume addresses matters that are relevant to the entire East Benue-Congo family as well as the particular branches Kainji, Plateau, and Bantoid. In the case of Bantoid, the particular focus is on Grassfields and the Grassfields-Bantu borderland, though other Bantoid subgroups are referenced. The potential topics for comparative studies among these languages are numerous, but this volume is dedicated to presentations on nominal affixes, third person pronouns, and verbal extensions. A forthcoming volume will provide some results of reconstructions and lexicostatistics in Cross River, exploratory reconstructions in Southern Jukunoid, and reconstructions in Ekoid-Mbe and Mambiloid.Item A Grammar of Pichi(2019-01-22) Yakpo, KofiPichi is an Afro-Caribbean English-lexifier Creole spoken on the island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea. It is an offshoot of 19th century Krio (Sierra Leone) and shares many characteristics with West African relatives like Nigerian Pidgin, Cameroon Pidgin, and Ghanaian Pidgin English, as well as with the English-lexifier creoles of the insular and continental Caribbean. This comprehensive description presents a detailed analysis of the grammar and phonology of Pichi. It also includes a collection of texts and wordlists. Pichi features a nominative-accusative alignment, SVO word order, adjective-noun order, prenominal determiners, and prepositions. The language has a seven-vowel system and twenty-two consonant phonemes. Pichi has a two-tone system with tonal minimal pairs, morphological tone, and tonal processes. The morphological structure is largely isolating. Pichi has a rich system of tense-aspect-mood marking, an indicative-subjunctive opposition, and a complex copular system with several suppletive forms. Many features align Pichi with the Atlantic-Congo languages spoken in the West African littoral zone. At the same time, characteristics like the prenominal position of adjectives and determiners show a typological overlap with its lexifier English, while extensive contact with Spanish has left an imprint on the lexicon and grammar as well.Item Imagining a Multilingual Cyberspace(2019-03-01) Zaugg, IsabelleThis chapter in the book "Finding control: Visions for the Future Internet," addresses steps diverse stakeholders can take to build language equity in cyberspace. It draws on research on grassroots development of digital supports for Ethiopian and Eritrean languages written in the Ethiopic script, as well as the ongoing challenges that constrain the digital vitality of many languages across the globe.Item Factors In The Affrication Of The Ejective Alveolar Fricative In Tigrinya(2019-08-13) Moeng, Emily; Carter, WilliamEjective fricatives are typologically rare sounds, attributable to the fact that they present an articulatory dilemma with contrasting demands for their fricative and ejective components. Several articulatory coping mechanisms have been observed across languages (Maddieson 1997; 1998). In the case of Tigrinya, Shosted & Rose (2011) find that the ejective alveolar fricative, /s’/, is affricated more often than not (/s’/ produced as [ts’]), proposing affrication to be another possible coping mechanism. This study assesses two possible factors affecting the rate or degree of affrication in Tigrinya: 1) the vowel environment surrounding /s’/ and 2) the lexical frequency of words containing /s’/. While we find no effect of lexical frequency, we find a significant effect of vowel context, with the lowest rate of affrication occurring following [i] and preceding [u]. We propose that this finding suggests that this environment, naturally aids the production of ejective fricatives due to vowel coarticulation, as the decreasing supralaryngeal volume over the duration of the fricative counteracts the loss of air due to frication.Item The Syntactic Diversity Of SAuxOV In West Africa(2019-08-13) Sande, Hannah; Baier, Nico; Jenks, PeterSurface SAuxOV orders abound in West Africa. We demonstrate that apparent examples of this word order have important structural differences across languages. We show that SAuxOV orders in some languages are due to mixed clausal headedness, consisting of a head initial TP and head-final VP, though this order can be concealed by verb movement. Other languages are more consistently head-initial, and what appear to be SAuxOV orders arise in limited syntactic contexts due to specific syntactic constructions such as object shift or nominalized complements. Finally, we show that languages which have genuine SAuxOV, corresponding to a head-final VP, tend to exhibit head-final properties more generally. This observation supports the idea that syntactic typology is most productively framed in terms of structural analyses of languages rather than the existence of surface word orders.Item Upward-Oriented Complementizer Agreement With Subjects And Objects In Kipsigis(2019-08-13) Diercks, Micheal; Rao, MeghanaIn Kipsigis (Nilotic, Kenya), declarative-embedding complementizers can agree with both main-clause subjects (Subj-CA) and main-clause objects (Obj-CA). Subj-CA agrees with the closest super-ordinate subject (even in the context of intervening objects), cannot agree with non-subjects or embedded subjects, and yields an interpretation where the embedded clause is the main point of the utterance. Obj-CA can only target main-clause objects and can only occur on a complementizer already bearing Subj-CA; Obj-CA contributes a verum focus reading to the clause. The paper briefly considers the analytical implications of these patterns.Item A Case Based Account Of Bantu Iav-Focus(2019-08-13) Selvanathan, NagaRight dislocation (Cheng & Downing 2012) and movement to a low FocP (van der Wal 2006) are competing analyses of Immediately-After-Verb (IAV) focus. In this paper, I discuss novel Lubukusu IAV focus data which shows that 1) IAV focus requires movement to a low FP and that 2) IAV focus is not a purely focus related phenomenon. Adopting Baker & Collins (2006) analysis of Linkers, I propose that movement to a low FP for focus interpretation is a strategy of case assignment to DPs within the VP. This analysis is shown to be superior to a purely right dislocation analysis as it can also better account for IAV focus asymmetries between Zulu and Lubukusu.