Mining Wealth, Regional Inequality and Financial Exclusion in Central Africa: A Spatial Paradox within the CEEAC Region

Abstract

Despite abundant mineral resources, many Central African regions remain financially underserved. This paper investigates the inclusion paradox in rentier economies within the CEEAC, showing that mining-rich areas—especially in the Democratic Republic of Congo—experience structural financial exclusion. Using a spatial econometric approach and geo-referenced data, we develop an Inclusion Paradox Index (IPI) to assess the link between extractive resource density and access to financial services. Results reveal a significant negative correlation between mineral wealth and financial inclusion. LISA cluster analysis and ArcGIS maps highlight persistent exclusion traps in cities like Kolwezi and Mbuji-Mayi. These findings call for a spatially redistributive approach to financial infrastructure and stronger local governance to overcome the resource-finance disconnect.