The Evolutionary History of the African Buffalo: Is It Truly a Bovine?

Abstract

The current tribe Bovini may very well be polyphyletic. African buffalo might be descended from African Boselaphini, but the African fossil record before 8 Myr is quite poor. Palaeontological data tally well with nuclear DNA data showing that African buffalo and Asian buffalo separated some 8 Myr ago and are very distantly related. Cross-fertilization experiments and (failed) implantation tests of embryos of Asian Bovini into African buffalo wombs underscore the fact that these species are evolutionarily very distantly related. Karyotypic evolution of African buffalo is also very different from these Asian Bovini. This may warrant the establishment of a separate tribe for the African buffalo and its ancestors, namely, the Syncerini. Until recently there were two species of buffalo in Africa, Syncerus caffer and S. antiquus, which in some parts of their range coexisted. The ecology of the single surviving species of African buffalo may thus have been co-shaped by that recently extinct sister taxon. Because the present species is so distantly related to wild cattle and Asian buffalo, little or nothing can be learned from studying these species for the ecology or management of the African buffalo, even if much were known about these species in the wild (which is not the case).